Behavioral Analysis Unit - 1076 Words

Investigation 12/1/2010 Behavioral Analysis Unit One of the many age old questions facing society today, is what makes a criminal suceptible to committing that particular crime; or why was that person targeted as a victim. This question has sparked many debates within the criminal justice field, which is the reason the Behavioral Science Unit was created by the Federal Bereau of Investigation. In certain cases, knowing how a criminals mind operates, will help lead an investigation in the right direction in order to successfully arrest the correct perperatrator. Analyzing a criminals mind, is learning the rules and rituals of their game in order to catch them, before further harm is inflicited. The human mind is such a powerful tool,†¦show more content†¦The unit also instructs new agents in psychopathology; problem-solving and crisis intervention; memory and perception; gangs; and group dynamics. There are various seminars, and work study programs that are required of National Academy students, ne w agents, on-board FBI personnel, domestic and international law enforcement officers, U.S. military and intelligence officers, and other governmental and academic personnel as deemed appropriate, in order to offer the best preperation for this weight-bearing job. In order to request help from the behavioral analysis unit, a local police department must submit a request help through the NCAVC coordinators. BAU assistance is provided through the method of criminal investigative analysis. Criminal Investigative Analysis is the process of reviewing crimes from both a behavioral and investigative perspective. It involves reviewing and assessing the facts of a criminal act, interperting offender behavior, and interaction with the victim. In order to be a part of the Behavioral analysis unit, one must have a minimum of a bachelor s degree in criminal justice,Show MoreRelatedPublic Order Crime Prostitution Is Not A Victimless Crime Essay840 Words   |  4 Pagesthey are Behavioral Analys is Unit (BAU). They are profilers that are part of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), there are five units of the BAU each deal with crimes. The five units are : â€Å"Behavioral Analysis Unit 1 (counter terrorism, arson and bombing matters), Behavioral Analysis Unit 2 (threats, cyber crime, white collar crime, and public corruption). Behavioral Analysis Unit 3 (crimes against children), Behavioral Analysis Unit 4 (crimes against adults), Behavioral Analysis Unit 5 (researchRead MoreThe Future of Psychological Profiling1658 Words   |  7 Pagesif people think it is going to be a passing fad or fade away it is not. It is only going to get stronger. Evidence of that is the fact that the FBI regularly staffs the Behavioral Science Unit (BSU), with 12 profilers who handle over 1.000 cases a year. The BSU conducts training, research, and consultation in; â€Å"Applied Behavioral Science, Conflict and Crisis Management, Futuristic, Juvenile Crime and Behavior, Managing Death Investigations, Psychosocial Behavior of Violent Street and Prison GangsRead MoreCriminal Law Enforcement Agencies With Solving Cases1678 Words   |  7 PagesCriminal Profiling: An Introduction to Behavioral Evidence Analysis, the criminal profile is a report that includes probable psychological, geographical, physical, relational, or social characteristics of the offender. These offender characteristics are to be used as a tool for narrowing down a suspect list. One system that criminal profilers use while working on criminal profiles is the FBI’s organized/disorganized dichotomy. In order to understand the FBI’s Behavioral Science Unit’s involvement in theRead MoreSystem Analysis Software wants analysis could also be a technique of discovery, refinement,1100 Words   |  5 Pages System Analysis Software wants analysis could also be a technique of discovery, refinement, modeling, and specification. demand analysis proves the computer code designer with a illustration of knowledge, function, and behavior that will be translated to info, fine arts interface, and part -level designs. To perform the work properly we would like to follow as set of underlying concepts and principles of study. 5.1 Analysis Principles Over the past twenty years, AN outsize vary of study modelingRead MoreThe Importance of Criminal Justice1617 Words   |  7 PagesThe Use of Criminal Profiling Criminal Profiling is a method of identifying the perpetrator of a crime based on an analysis of the nature of the offense and the manner in which it was committed. It most notably can be traced back to work done in the later part of the last century, and possibly even earlier in a variety of forms. There has been a definite growth since this early work, with many individuals doing a great deal of both research and practical work in criminal profiling. The investigativeRead MoreAnalysis of the Film Silence of the Lambs1358 Words   |  5 PagesFederal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU) and the processes they undergo to determine, profile, and apprehend a serial murderer. In the film, the primary BAU investigator is Clarice Starling, who is trying to figure out the identity of Buffalo Bill, a man who has been kidnapping larger women and holding them hostage until he is able to remove their skin in order to make himself a body suit. The mission of the Beha vioral Analysis Units (BAU) is to provide operational supportRead MoreA Career as an FBI Profiler1694 Words   |  7 Pagescourt cases and the mind of a serial killer. Why do they do it, was always my question. I searched for more answers and found that the behavior plays an important role. That’s when I decided I wanted to become an FBI profiler for the Behavior Analysis Unit (BAU). In order to become an FBI agent you have to work in law enforcement and work in homicide or be a person’s investigator. Who would hire me with these interests that I envelop? A local law enforcement, like the Pinellas County Sheriff’sRead MoreA Brief Note On Software Product Line Engineering Essay1445 Words   |  6 Pagescapability. The result is often a discontinuous jump in competitive business advantage, like that seen when manufacturers adopt mass production and mass customization paradigms. The main disadvantage is that, due to the natural focus of the business units on systems (or products), there is no entity or explicit incentive to focus on the shared assets. This is the underlying cause for the erosion of the architecture and components in the system family. The timely and reliable evolution of the sharedRead MoreCriminal Profiling, Criminal, And Forensic Psychology1226 Words   |  5 Pagesanother subject of criminal and forensic psychology, which is probably one of the oldest studies of forensic science. Criminal profiling has been called many things, such as behavioral profiling, crime scene profiling, criminal personality profiling, psychological profiling, and more recently even criminal investigation analysis. Criminal profiling’s history has come from a history of criminal behavior, the study of mental illnesses, and forensic examinations. Criminal profiling was adopted by oneRead MoreTypes Of Simulation Software, And Investigating Software Component Metadata For All Of Them1355 Words   |  6 Pagesthat OneSAF is the U. S. Army’s newest constructive battlefield simulation and SAF system. OneSAF is intended to replace a number of legacy entity-based simulations and to serve a range of applications including analysis of alternatives, doctrine development, system design, logistics analysis, team and individual training, and mission rehearsal; and to be interoperable in live, virtual, and constructive simulation environments. Also in [16] he describes that OneSAF provides a toolset that allows the

Reflective Essay The Writing Process - 520 Words

There is no greater agony than bearing an untold story inside you. - - - Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Throughout the semester I have had to write a number of essays using a variety of techniques. Before college, I would write assuming that the only reader, or audience, would be my teacher. Composition helped me realize the many steps that are involved in the writing process from free writing to making a final copy. In order to create a good paper you need organize your ideas. Also, I realize what needs to be in a essay and what doesn’t. I have improved in my writing but organization has been my problem, and even though I’ve made a progress. I still believe I have not fully†¦show more content†¦I think it was a fun assignment to do because we got to advertise a product and give the details that we used. Using persuasive techniques has made a changed in my writing because you can say something you said before and transfer it to your writing. One of the techniques I am going to use through out college is talking to different types of audiences. Also, I am going to let others try to help me out with my writing so I can become a better writer. Sure enough, I still need the help from others for me to be able to succeed in English 1302. All the assignments we did were helpful for me to succeed in other courses because I have improved in my writing since we used different kinds of techniques. If we had more time I would like more of the assignments of using different audiences because that’s one of my weakness. If I had to retake this course with you again, I would like more of the rhetoric because that exercise was my favorite. This skills are not only going make me succeed in college but also for life. This course has shown me that I am capable of writing in a variety of manners and it has shown me that I am not as strong in some areas as I am in others. This class introduced me to a variety of writing techniques, some worked and some did not. However, the experience and work with each skill was veryShow MoreRelatedWriting Process : Reflective Essay951 Words   |  4 PagesI have chosen to explore the â€Å"Writing Process† that I used while drafting my argumentative paper on sloths in the rainforest for this reflective essay. I am choosing this topic and this particular essay because my writing process was a key component to the ‘C’ I made on the project and how my failure in this particular area lead me to this grade. Looking back, I realized that the grade I received is a perfect reflection of the effort I put into the writing process. I believe that I had the powerRead MoreWriting As A Process : A Reflective Essay1379 Words   |  6 PagesWriting as a Process: A Reflective Essay I’ve always thought of myself as an above average writer. Why wouldn’t I considering the praise I’d get from teachers, professors, parents and friends alike? Consequently, English became one of my favorite subjects. With little effort put forth I received exemplary marks on all my work and easily earned the approval of my English teachers. However, things began to change upon my arrival at the University of Georgia. I took my first college-level English classRead MoreReflective Essay1508 Words   |  7 Pagesreflection in the mirror. The same can be said about the reflective compositions. A reflective composition is the result of introspection into past experiences or memorable events in our lives. We introspect into these memorable events and reflect over them with regards the emotions and influences they have left in our lives. In simple words a reflective essay is a piece of ‘you’ being presented in words. What is Reflection? In a reflective composition you really need to think about yourself andRead MoreMy School Experience Reading And Writing905 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout my school experience reading and writing was always a struggle for me. I did not like to read because I could not remember anything I read, and I did not like to write because what I wrote was unorganized. Reading also can help improve writing, but when I was younger, I was stubborn and not aware of that. I had no confidence and thought I was never going to achieve good grades in an English class. So I let my grades slip and with that I decided to not go to college after high school.Read MorePersonal Development and Learning Essay example897 Words   |  4 PagesDevelopment Reflective Essay Assignment The reflective essay will become the primary component of the senior portfolio a few years from now, but the process begins here in PDP 150 as students learn to apply their new reflective skills in developing of an effective portfolio. The reflective essay provides the opportunity to describe and document one’s growth as a person during this time in a student’s life, and the key to understanding the task is to emphasize the term â€Å"reflective.† In PDP 150Read MoreConnections Between The Work I Have Done And The Course Outcomes1337 Words   |  6 Pagesthe course outcomes. I have used a lot of the outcomes such as research process, style conventions, multimodal design, and reflective interactions in my writings throughout the semester. Three of the outcomes I will discuss our research process, style conventions, and reflective interactions. One of the various outcomes that connects to the work I have done throughout the semester was the research process. The research process connects to a great deal, if not all of the work I have done this semesterRead MoreIn My Creative Nonfiction Genre Proposal, I Stated That,1571 Words   |  7 Pagesproposal, I stated that, â€Å"my [creative writing project s] focus will be literary essays that address humanity’s universal desire for a sense of identity and belonging; these essays will be written from a personal perspective, containing anecdotes, internal conflicts, and external opinions† (1). A little over ten weeks later, I believe I have achieved this goal in my final draft because of the stylistic approaches and revisions I made with the help of the Creative Writing Seminar workshops. My final draftRead MoreHow I Am A Writer Essay1112 Words   |  5 Pages Reflective As a writer, I would consider myself to be a very strong writer. When it comes to writing or having different writing assignments, I have to write everything down on a piece of paper to get my thoughts out and just let my pen flow. I tend to write essays only when I am assigned, but for the most part, I write everyday. I personally like to write about me in particular but mainly I enjoy writing about overcoming different obstacles people face in life or about the future. As a writerRead MoreDeveloping Strong Academic Study Skills926 Words   |  4 Pagesand future career enhancement. Some of the key areas for development and discussion in this essay will include note taking/essay writing, critical thinking and analysing questions and reflective thinking skills. A major area for development and improvement revolves around effective note taking and essay planning/writing. As a Higher Education student you will be required to plan and produce countless essays in relation to the course you are studying, and a key point of reference to help with thisRead MoreReflection Of A Reflection On Academic Skills1043 Words   |  5 Pages 2015). Gibbs Reflective Cycle (1988), a framework for students to resolve problems in assignments, step by step, I will reflect on my own problems, (UK Essays, 2013). My previous goal was to study in a university and now that I have accomplished that goal, my next goal is to complete the course with a good grade. But the reality of achieving the Foundation Degree is a much harder concept than what I first thought, having a writer s block can be a hindrance, slowing the process of starting any

Design of a New Generator Free Essays

1. INTRODUCTION : Gas Turbine-Generator system has proximity to zero level due to absence of condenser. Therefore, Generator should have Terminal Bushings at the top of the Stator Frame. We will write a custom essay sample on Design of a New Generator or any similar topic only for you Order Now This avoids digging of tunnel / trench for routing Bus Duct and also avoids accumulation of gases from safety point of view. It was decided to develop a module THRI 108/44 for application with Gas Turbine. 2. DESIGN CHALLENGES : Since, bar type design of THRI 108/44 module for GTG application is not available. Hence the same had to be designed afresh taking the following major design challenges into consideration: . 1. Shifting Terminal bushings for tapping power from bottom to top. 2. 2. Location, number and size of coolers and cooler ducts in stator Frame to accommodate connections between Bus Bar and Terminal Bushings. 2. 3. Proven ventilation scheme inside stator frame for cooling of stator core, windings and its overhangs. 2. 4. Provision of static excitation system by providing slip ring shaft. 2. 5. Position of Barring Gear on Exciter End (non drive end) requiring Slip Ring shaft rotor having a matching coupling with generator rotor on one side and barring gear on other side. 2. 6. Provision of routing of piping emanating from bottom of stator and end shield in the foundation. 2. 7. Routing of connections between bus bar and terminal bushings maintaining required electrical connections 2. 8. Use of existing components as far as possible for inventory and variety reduction. 2. 9. Mechanical and Electrical calculations for soundness of design. 3. ACTION PLAN : 3. 1. Identification of assemblies for fresh designing – 34 numbers design groups out of 125 groups were identified to be designed afresh. (Annexure-1) 3. 2. Carrying out Exhaustive Electromagnetic, Mechanical, Ventilation Heat Transfer calculations. . 3. Development of detailed design documents, scrutiny by technology, incorporating the changes suggested and release of documents (drawings and CBOM). 3. 4. Verification of design by Internal design groups – Internal design groups of experts were formed and Changes suggested by different groups were incorporated in the documents. 3. 5. Strength of stator frame under various load conditions, its natural frequency and rotor dynamics to be carried out by Corporate R D to validate the design. 4. INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS AND ITS DETAILS : 4. 1. Electromagnetic calculations were carried out and design data sheet issued for preparation of design documents. 4. 2. Since the Terminal Bushings are to be mounted at the top, there was no space available to accommodate 4 Nos. Hydrogen cooler ducts (400 x 570 mm), as provided in conventional THRI design (ref. Fig. 1). Therefore, it was decided to use two nos Twin-coolers (ref Fig. 23). This concept has 2 nos. twin coolers placed in two separate cooler ducts. Operating conditions of one cooler out of operation apply here also as in case of conventional 4 Nos. separate coolers. 4. 3. Changes in size of cooler and cooler ducts (550 x 650 mm) and duct location resulted in increase of width of stator body to 4200 mm from 4000 mm and height 4550 mm. Accordingly, stator body was redesigned completely maintaining routings of ribs, plates etc to follow the ventilation scheme of existing machine. Full length Foundation Support has been provided on stator in line with conventional GTGs. 4. 4. Due to the above mentioned increased dimensions of stator body, the generator is not suitable for rail transport (limit up to 4040 mm). Thus the generator stator shall have to be transported by road only. A dragging fixture has been designed and shall be welded to the bottom of stator frame to place it directly on the road trailer without requiring any additional fixture. It will also help placing the stator at any location without any support or can be dragged at power station for erection, if required. 4. 5. It was proposed to use common Core Assembly for GTG as well as STG for standardization and variety reduction. STG design required a power output of 261 MW. To enhance the MCR rating it was decided to optimize the ventilation flow paths in the stator core. Number of ventilation ducts has been increased from 85 to 98 without any increase in the total core length. Width of the ventilation ducts was earlier a combination of 5 mm 10 mm, which has now been changed to 5 mm, 8 mm 10 mm (refer Fig. 4). In order to optimize electromagnetic performance of the machine, net iron length of core is maintained same. Modified ventilation circuit vis-a-vis existing one is depicted in Figs. 5 6. 4. 6. Thickness of core ETS segments (Electro Technical Steel segments) has been increased from 0. 5 mm to 0. 65 mm without any loss in quality. This will enhance the rigidity of core end zone packets. It will also increase the productivity and reduce core assembly time in shop by about 30%. 4. 3. Shifting of Terminal Bushings to the top of Stator Frame, required redesign of Connecting Bus-bars and Arrangement of Terminal Bushing Connection Assemblies maintaining the air gap clearances(Fig-7). 4. 4. End Ring is introduced in this design for providing better rigidity in stator winding overhang. 4. 5. To make the generator suitable for static excitation system, new Slip Ring Shaft has been designed. Couplings of Slip Ring Shaft have been redesigned to suit TG rotor (EE) at one end and Barring gear at the other end. 4. 6. In view of relocation of terminal bushings, drawings related to temperature and pressure monitoring circuits were prepared afresh. 4. 7. There is no availability of overhead cranes in Gas Turbine hall over Turbogenerator due to low ceiling of the building. This poses a major challenge for insertion of rotor into stator. Rotor weighs around 42 tons. So, a new Trailer with Prime-Mover has been designed for Rotor Insertion in to Generator for GTG application. 4. 8. Design Documents (drawings and CBOMs) were sent to Corporate R D for to carry out following calculations :- (1)Static Analysis – (a) Lifting of stator with 4 lugs b) Short Circuit Torque (c) Hydraulic test at 10 bar (2) Dynamic and Harmonic Analysis of Stator Frame with Core, Windings and rotor (3) Rotor Dynamics 4. 9. Generator Outline diagram for GTG is enclosed as Fig. 8. 5. RESULTS OF MECHANICAL CALCULATIONS : 5. 1. Static Analysis – Load ConditionsMaximum Stresses(N/mm? )Reference Lifting of Stator with 4 lugs110 Fig-9 Short Circuit Torque with 3. 5 bar internal pressure of Hydrogen238 Fig-10 Deformations of side wall due to Hydraulic Pressure of 10 bar (fig-11) Locations on side wallDeformations (mm) TEEE 1700 mm above centerline1. 040. 46 1700 mm below centerline0. 460. 40 5. 2. Dynamic and Harmonic Analysis of stator with core windings DirectionFrequency PeakReference Axial32. 3 HzFig-12,13 Vertical82 HzFig-14 Horizontal136 HzFig-15 6. TECHNOLOGICAL GAINS : 8. 1. THRI bar type Turbogenerator has been developed for the first time for application with Gas Turbine. 8. 2. New design Stator can be placed directly on the trailer during transportation by road. It can be dragged at site during erection, if required. 8. 3. The new design of core is suitable for THRI STG design also due to improved ventilation. This will result in lower temperature rise leading to more reliable operation and enhanced life of the machine. . 4. Rationalisation and standardization of components has been taken into consideration to develop this design. Assemblies like Rotor, End Shield, Winding bars, Terminal Bushings, Shaft Seals, Oil Catchers etc will be used from that of existing design variant. 8. 5. Existing major tooling like those for fabrication machining of Stator Frame, assem bly of core, Hydraulic and Pneumatic testing of Stator Frame will be used. 7. CONCLUSION : THRI bar type Turbogenerator has been developed in-house for the application with Gas Turbine. With the concerted efforts of the team the design work was completed by 31st August, 2005. This new design has been approved by an external review team comprising of experts from IIT- Roorkee, Corp. RD and RC Puram besides Haridwar experts from Technology, Quality Engineering. Discussions were also held at PEM Delhi along with R. C. Puram for erection and maintenance of various Generator components like coolers, End Shields, Insert Covers, Rotor, Slip Ring Shaft Assembly and Bearings etc. New design features were explained and these were taken in to account for development of Power Plant layout. How to cite Design of a New Generator, Essay examples

Clinical Environment in Nursing-Free-Samples -Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Critically analyse one learning theory and discuss how your selected learning theory can be used to facilitate learning in the Clinical Environment. Answer: Introduction Learning may be defined as the change in the mind of a persons knowledge and even behavior due to experiences (Webber-Cross, 2014, p. 36). The experiences may be through being taught, study, or accidental life experiences. Learning takes place in several ways despite personal or professional. Therefore, teaching and learning may be defined as a process that at some point depends on each other for its efficiency. However, learning has continued to face several challenges which include engaging learners. Teachers are expected to communicate the values of learning and development to their learners which as some point becomes a problem since engaging learner remains one of the most expensive tasks. Often, its a challenge to convince learners to attend classes, actively participate in class, and follow through their academic thus this has continued to challenge learning (Wynne, 2010, p. 29). Secondly, the learning environment plays a significant role in enhancing learning hence the learning environment will affect the teaching and learning process. This essay then seeks to address various challenges to teaching and learning in the clinical environment. Since, clinical professionals are often taught in a clinical environment then what are the challenges associated with learning in such environments. The essay will also analyze various learning theories and discuss the best fit theory to facilitate learning. Clinical environment Clinical teaching may be defined as the process of teaching and learning directly while involving patients and their problems. Often, nursing students learn in a clinical setting to equip them with relevant skills in their education programs. However, the clinical environment has continued to face various problems since researchers are seeing it is not wise to teach nurses in the clinical environment. This has then challenged their capability since in most cases they not qualified for the tasks they perform. (In Mackenzie, In Jeggo, In Daszak, In Richt, Springer-Verlag, 2013, p. 48). Recently, cases of unqualified students attending to patients are increasing resulting in poor treatment which has the effect of challenge nursing students to learn in the clinical environment. Despite the numerous advantages of learning in a clinical environment the learning set has continued to be challenged despite the fact that learning in such environment enhances learner with real life experiences. When learners learn in such an environment, they experience real life experiences (Edgecombe Bowden, 2014, p. 33). Frequently, nurses learn care settings thus when they are learning in a clinical environment they can comfortably apply knowledge learned in real life experiences. Secondly, when learners are allowed to learn in a clinical environment, there are unplanned experiences. Such experiences may not be applicable in a class setting thus improving the skills of a learner (Hovenga In Grain, 2013, p. 64). Furthermore, learning in clinical environment integrates agency routines, and a feeling of a sense of belonging can be felt since students can adapt with their working environment. Moreover, students can acquire feedback on their performances directly from patients. This will then help the student assess their strong and weak areas thus improving where needed. Usually, nurses, since their studies are conducted in a clinical setting they work in part time at the clinical institution thus the students thanks to the clinical environment they can earn while still working. On the other hand, the clinical environment has been associated with various disadvantages which include trial and error resulting in worsening of a patients health. Similarly, such cases have been widespread when nurses are taught in a clinical environment resulting to reduced trust in nurses in a hospital (Feldman, 2003, p. 47). Furthermore, some unexpected experiences contrary to their primary objective to enhance a learners experience they end up shocking students, and some even end up quitting from nursing due to fear of challenges they may experience that in their career. Learning theories Learning theories may be defined as conceptual frameworks describing how knowledge is retained, absorbed, and processed during learning. The learning theories are classified into three namely, behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism theory (Pritchard, 2017, p. 11). The theories seek to explain how learning should be carried out in various learning institution but they vary based on the nature of students and their academic level. The constructivist theory is characterized by the fact that it natures considerations to students hence in its nature involves learners in long term learning outcomes. The theory seeks to raise contemporary forms of learning, assessment, and teaching hence it is characterized by interactive and digital teaching. On the other hand, the cognitive was set to aid in overpowering various undesirable aspects of behavior. The cognitive theory emphasizes a belief that thoughts will always come before emotions thus resulting to a learner changing his or her opinions. The theory has frequently been useful in learning permitting various learning, teaching, and valuation methods hence their nature of quick assessment on an individuals skills (Scott, 2013, p. 64). The cognitive theory has gained popularity since its most preferred in teaching due to its nature of positive results both professionally and psychologically. The behavioral theory is the most common learning theory since it involves comparing various past behaviors with the present ones like is done currently in most school setting when leaners are first taught a theory to a concept thus may be regarding as comparing a concept to when it was first used. The theory furthermore, has a superior impact on researchers addressing treatment and valuation of behavioral hitches. Often, clinical groups use this theory on patients with mental retardation thus are termed to be effective in clinical learning. How behaviorism theory can facilitate learning in the clinical environment The behaviorist approach is concerned with stimuli, i.e., environmental factors respond to the behavior, i.e., response. Furthermore, the method involves learning from two main processes namely the classical and operant conditioning (Troutman, 2015, p. 45). The theory insists that behaviors are learned thus clinical environment involves more of learning with practical experiences thus the theory can fit in any clinical environment. In theory, learning is indicated by the relatively permanent change in behavior. The behaviorist theory facilitates learning through the classical conditioning. This was amongst the first learning behavior to demonstrate a laboratory setting. Often, in clinical environment nurses frequently learn using laboratory settings (Miller, 2011, p. 52). Furthermore, the theory stimulates the production of behavioral response which is a major clinical observation. As a result, any clinical environment will prefer to use the behaviorist theory since they can be used in laboratories and can simulate behavior response. This explains why nurses use this response to heal various illnesses linked to behavioral change. Moreover, classical conditioning enhances training of nurses since the theory can be used to train them on the same reflexive responses thus its high preferred in the clinical setting. The behaviorist theory also enhances exposure therapy utilized in the clinical environment. Since the effectiveness of exposure therapies are significantly determined by a patients behavior concept, i.e., habituation. This is the process by which a persons behavioral and sensory response is contained over a period of time. Therefore, the therapies in the clinical environment may be essential to help in educating nurses thus the need to adopt behaviorist theory in a clinical environment (Wicks-Nelson Israel, 2014, p. 43). Furthermore, the exposure therapy is required to be conducted in vivo exposure, i.e., real life exposure due to the feared stimulus. As a result, the behaviorist cannot be efficient in a class room setting. Thus they can only be useful in a clinical setting. Furthermore, behaviorism theory enhances systematic desensitization. This is considered the most efficient way used in treating anxiety in patients. Nevertheless, it has been costly to get people to agree to this method. However, can be very responsive in making patients relax in the presence of fearful situations (Mattingly, 2010, p. 47). The method is used in both actual and marginal exposure to help patients recover from any systematic desensitization. As a result, the desensitization may not be employed in a class environment since it has to be used practically by patient thus the students can learn from the change they witness when the patient is prescribed with the systematic desensitization. Also, the behaviorist theory plays a significant role in response prevention. The prevention may be possible when a patient has been conducting various therapies, i.e., the prevention of reply therapies. The therapies aid in discontinuing maladaptive responses. Therefore, response prevention has to be prescribed to a patient enabling a leaner to conduct the therapies to ensure that they prevent maladaptive responses. As a result response prevention cannot be applicable in a class setting since need to learn from a clinical environment. Therefore, the behaviorist theory can only facilitate learning in a clinical setting, unlike other theories. The fact that the behaviorist theory is involved in behaviors that are stimulated by the prescription given to a patient it may be impossible to use the theory in a class setting. When patients are treated in any medical institution in requires that they are often kept under the care and the manner in which a patient will respond will determine the next treatment. As a result when training nurses this has to be practical thus the preference of behaviorism theory since it involves real life situations. The behaviorist theory is considered to be the best in learning in most nursing institutions. The theory insists practical experiences and trial thus the theory will be applicable in a clinical environment. On the other hand, the behaviorist theory is considered the easiest to learn since it encourages clear objective analysis. This is because the stimulus can be Cleary observed enabling learners to respond thus reinforce their actions. Moreover, since the theory is more of practical based it enhances learning thus understand in students has continued to increase in nature since its even possible to experiment what they learned (Whitman, 2011, p. 64). On the other hand, the theory gives learners possible outcomes thus providing alternative results that are to be expected hence the learner may adhere to the stimulus. Therefore, behaviorism theory involves real life experiences thus the theory is only applicable in a clinical environment. Application and use of behaviorism theory in clinical environment When using behaviorism theory often the behaviorist approach is used in learning. The approach frequently processes two main processes namely the operant conditioning and classical conditioning. However, when using both approaches they all insist in environmental learning thus may be applicable in a clinical environment regarding it as best fit in nursing learning. The theory has been known for its effectiveness in reinforcement of techniques which are very effective in treatment of human disorders. Therefore, may be used in health institution thus the theory can be used to teach. Furthermore, the behaviorism theory is considered the most effective to both in rewarding and punishing students as a result the theory can suit learning in a clinical environment. On the other hand, behaviorism theory insists its use in technical form i.e., using the theory in real life experiences. This has then given the theory highly acknowledgement in its application to teach nursing thus can be used i n a clinical environment. Due to the above mentioned reasons the theory has continued to be used in clinical environment not only because its of best fit but its formats has continued to show efficiency in knowledge application. Conclusion In conclusion, despite the challenges facing teaching and learning in the clinical environment there is need to address the problems since challenges will always affect most educational approach. Therefore, need to strive to come up with the best fit theory to fit the changing clinical environment should be a priority. Nevertheless, the behaviorists theory best suits clinical environment since the theory involves practical experiences, real life stimulus for every change to be witnessed. Unlike other theories that may not be considered to be the best fit when compared to behavioral theory may not even be applicable in a clinical environment. Furthermore, the fact that behavioral theory is not based on fixed stimulus but the response based on how the stimulus affects a patient has given enough proof that the theory should be used for the clinical environment. Moreover, the fact that the behavioral theory remains one of the least expensive to apply and understand this has given the the ory an advantage over other theories since it can create better understanding to students thus its efficiency in clinical environment. However, changing the current learning style for nursing students may end up influencing their career since the clinical environment is the best for teaching such professions. References Blais,K., Hayes,J.S. (2011).Professional nursing practice: Concepts and perspectives. Boston: Pearson. Burns,E. (2006).IEP-2005: Writing and implementing individualized education programs (IEPs). Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Publisher. Edgecombe,K., Bowden,M. (2014).Clinical learning and teaching innovations in nursing: Dedicated education units building a better future. Feldman,H.R. (2003).The nursing shortage: Strategies for recruitment and retention in clinical practice and education. New York: Springer Pub. Hovenga,E.J., In Grain,H. (2013).Health information governance in a digital environment. In Mackenzie,J.S., In Jeggo,M., In Daszak,P., In Richt,J.A., Springer-Verlag. (2013).One health: The human-animal-environment interfaces in emerging infectious diseases. Mattingly,C. (2010).The paradox of hope: Journeys through a clinical borderland. Berkeley: University of California Press. Miller,E.B. (2011).Bio-guided music therapy: A practitioner's guide to the clinical integration of music and biofeedback. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Pritchard,A. (2017).Ways of learning: Learning theories and learning styles in the classroom. Robbins,S.P., Chatterjee,P., Canda,E.R. (2011).Contemporary human behavior theory: A critical perspective for social work. Uppder Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Robinson,D.N. (2002).Praise and blame: Moral realism and its application. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Scott,D. (2013).Theories of learning. London: Sage. Stucky,N., Wimmer,C. (2002).Teaching performance studies. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. Schneider,M.A. (2006).The theory primer: A sociological guide. Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield. Schwartz,D.L., Tsang,J.M., Blair,K.P. (2016).The ABCs of how we learn: 26 scientifically proven approaches, how they work, and when to use them. Troutman,B. (2015).Integrating Behaviorism and Attachment Theory in Parent Coaching. Cham: Springer. Webber-Cross,G. (2014).Learning Microsoft Azure. Packt Publishing. Whitman,R.D. (2011).Cognition. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Wicks-Nelson,R., Israel,A.C. (2014).Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology with DSM-V Updates. Wynne,S.A. (2010).Praxis: Principles of learning and teaching (7-12) 0524. Boston: XAMonline, Inc.

A Dolls House Essays (1242 words) - Films, British Films

A Doll's House Essays (1242 words) - Films, British Films A Doll's House The events begin to succeed each other more and more rapidly and the circle begins to spin around her. We find that, for saving her husbands life, Nora has committed forgery and Krogstad is ready to use this information in order achieve his goals : ()if I produce this document in court, youll be condemned.(791) This element gives us a hint of women condition in a deeply- rooted man thought society . In addition, Dr. Rank, who had a lethal disease, confesses his love for her : You know now that Im at your service, body and soul.(802) All these events make the circle tighten and spin faster around Nora, who can hardly resist to this pressure and seeks the relief in wildly dancing the tarantella, a dance wich she transforms into a life and death one. This dance can also be viewed as an one of the key element that permits us to say that shes passing from a state of passive victim to a n early state of active agent : Nora dances more and more widly. Helmer stands by the stove giving her repeated directions as she dances ; she does not seem to hear them. .(808) All the other charactersreactions, words and attitudes form the chain wich unbearably surrounds Nora and wich she will finally break, liberating herself from the lie she has been living in for many years-she firmly tells Helmer her decision : I cant stay here with you any longer (...). Im leaving here at once.(821) In addition to this intimate inter-independence between Nora and the other four important characters (viewed as a whole), is the complexity of Helmers wife as a dramatic personage.Compared to the others, Nora is the most round character, one who we see evolving, in contrast with Helmer or Dr. Rank. More precisely, we discover two forms of evolution of this personage : 1.an external one, produced in the readers mind, as he discovers the purpose of her always asking money to the husband and having a toy attitude with him ; 2. and the second evolution, more profound, wich implies the inner transformation of the character, tired of representing someones toy and desiring independence. The beginning of the play presents us a squirrel-like(775)woman, always wanting to please her husband in order to get money from him. She voluntarily accepts Helmer comparing her with a little animal and even seems to identify with this image : Ah, if you only knew how many expenses the likes us sky-larks and squirrels have, Torvald(777). Nora appears completely submitted to her husband, ready to accept whatever he would say or do : I would never dream of doing anything you didnt want me to.(777) in order to satisfy her ( apparent) only preoccupation : You could always give me money, Torvald. (776) The fog and confusion wich surrounded her and her attitude begin gradually to disappear as we find out that she had borrowed money to save Helmers life and she saves almost every penny her husband gives her in order topay the debt off. This stage of Noras external evolution enables us to see a woman who deeply loves her husband, but who is not strong enough to fight against his prejudices : Torvald is a man with a great deal of pride- it would be terribly embarrassing and humiliating for him if he thought he owed anything to me.(782) Moreover, she prefers fancying about a rich man who would give her the money she needs( a psychological escape from the constraints she lives in) than facing her husband. The two evolutions begin to coincide from the moment when Krogstad threatens Nora with telling Helmer that she has committed forgery. We feel that something begins to change when contradictory feelings invade her- love for the children, for the husband, and the desire to commit suicide : () never see the children again()Oh, that black icy water.Oh, that bottomless !(817) On the other hand, she would do almost anything in order to regain her old lifestyle(that of a dollwho passed from the fathers hands into that of the husbands). The transformation seems to end with the firm decision to throw herself into the water after Helmer would have found out the hidden truth : Now you must read your

Creating Delphi Components Dynamically (at run-time)

Creating Delphi Components Dynamically (at run-time) Most often when programming in Delphi you dont need to dynamically create a component. If you drop a component on a form, Delphi handles the component creation automatically when the form is created. This article will cover the correct way to programmatically create components at run-time. Dynamic Component Creation There are two ways to dynamically create components. One way is to make a form (or some other TComponent) the owner of the new component. This is a common practice when building composite components where a visual container creates and owns the subcomponents. Doing so will ensure that the newly-created component is destroyed when the owning component is destroyed. To create an instance (object) of a class, you call its Create method. The Create constructor is a class method, as opposed to virtually all other methods you’ll encounter in Delphi programming, which are object methods. For example, the TComponent declares the Create constructor as follows: constructor Create(AOwner: TComponent) ; virtual; Dynamic Creation with OwnersHeres an example of dynamic creation, where Self is a TComponent or TComponent descendant (e.g., an instance of a TForm): with TTimer.Create(Self) dobeginInterval : 1000;Enabled : False;OnTimer : MyTimerEventHandler;end; Dynamic Creation with an Explicit Call to FreeThe second way to create a component is to use nil as the owner. Note that if you do this, you must also explicitly free the object you create as soon as you no longer need it (or youll produce a memory leak). Heres an example of using nil as the owner: with TTable.Create(nil) dotryDataBaseName : MyAlias;TableName : MyTable;Open;Edit;FieldByName(Busy).AsBoolean : True;Post;finallyFree;end; Dynamic Creation and Object ReferencesIt is possible to enhance the two previous examples by assigning the result of the Create call to a variable local to the method or belonging to the class. This is often desirable when references to the component need to be used later, or when scoping problems potentially caused by With blocks need to be avoided. Heres the TTimer creation code from above, using a field variable as a reference to the instantiated TTimer object: FTimer : TTimer.Create(Self) ;with FTimer dobeginInterval : 1000;Enabled : False;OnTimer : MyInternalTimerEventHandler;end; In this example FTimer is a private field variable of the form or visual container (or whatever Self is). When accessing the FTimer variable from methods in this class, it is a very good idea to check to see if the reference is valid before using it. This is done using Delphis Assigned function: if Assigned(FTimer) then FTimer.Enabled : True; Dynamic Creation and Object References without OwnersA variation on this is to create the component with no owner, but maintain the reference for later destruction. The construction code for the TTimer would look like this: FTimer : TTimer.Create(nil) ;with FTimer dobegin...end; And the destruction code (presumably in the forms destructor) would look something like this: FTimer.Free;FTimer : nil;(*Or use FreeAndNil (FTimer) procedure, which frees an object reference and replaces the reference with nil.*) Setting the object reference to nil is critical when freeing objects. The call to Free first checks to see if the object reference is nil or not, and if it isnt, it calls the objects destructor Destroy. Dynamic Creation and Local Object References without Owners Heres the TTable creation code from above, using a local variable as a reference to the instantiated TTable object: localTable : TTable.Create(nil) ;trywith localTable dobeginDataBaseName : MyAlias;TableName : MyTable;end;...// Later, if we want to explicitly specify scope:localTable.Open;localTable.Edit;localTable.FieldByName(Busy).AsBoolean : True;localTable.Post;finallylocalTable.Free;localTable : nil;end; In the example above, localTable is a local variable declared in the same method containing this code. Note that after freeing any object, in general it is a very good idea to set the reference to nil. A Word of Warning IMPORTANT: Do not mix a call to Free with passing a valid owner to the constructor. All of the previous techniques will work and are valid, but the following should never occur in your code: with TTable.Create(self) dotry...finallyFree;end; The code example above introduces unnecessary performance hits, impacts memory slightly, and has the potential to introduce hard to find bugs. Find out why. Note: If a dynamically created component has an owner (specified by the AOwner parameter of the Create constructor), then that owner is responsible for destroying the component. Otherwise, you must explicitly call Free when you no longer need the component. Article originally written by Mark Miller A test program was created in Delphi to time the dynamic creation of 1000 components with varying initial component counts. The test program appears at the bottom of this page. The chart shows a set of results from the test program, comparing the time it takes to create components both with owners and without. Note that this is only a portion of the hit. A similar performance delay can be expected when destroying components. The time to dynamically create components with owners is 1200% to 107960% slower than that to create components without owners, depending on the number of components on the form and the component being created. The Test Program Warning: This test program does not track and free components that are created without owners. By not tracking and freeing these components, times measured for the dynamic creation code more accurately reflect the real time to dynamically create a component. Download Source Code Warning! If you want to dynamically instantiate a Delphi component and explicitly free it sometime later, always pass nil as the owner. Failure to do so can introduce unnecessary risk, as well as performance and code maintenance problems. Read the A warning on dynamically instantiating Delphi components article to learn more...

Sexual Harassment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sexual Harassment - Research Paper Example 222). Shifting paradigm of globalization and liberalization in the society has increased the women’s participation in the work force to contribute to family income. Women are then endangered to sexual harassment which is, perhaps, as old as the very existence of women and this is one of those problems which discourage them in taking active part in economic and social development of the society (Naveed et al. 222). The increasing cases of sexual harassment today also increased the awareness of the society, thus, more and more women came out to make legal cases against their harassers. What are the factors that affect or determine sexual harassment? One of the known factors that determine sexual harassment would be that of gender. Research has shown that a person’s gender impacts his or her perceptions of sexual harassment. Moreover, women are often more sensitive than men to what constitutes sexual harassment and they often judge the same behavior to be more serious (Fiedler and Blanco 276). So, what was offensive to a woman may not be that of a deal to a man and they usually do not file a case as compared to that of women. In addition to this, culture was also identified as a factor. Different countries have different cultural takes on sexual harassment and, therefore, would have different laws about it. Perceptions on what constitutes sexual harassment vary among and within societies; somehow they depend on how people are socialized within that society, the existence of gender stereotypes, and set notions and hierarchies that may exist in the workplace. And it is because of these reasons that make it hard to compile a list of harassing conduct that should be prohibited. Some acts are easily identified as harassment, like kissing, fondling and physical contact with genital areas, while many other kinds of verbal, non-verbal, physical conduct may not (AWARE 11). The victims

Femicide in India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Femicide in India - Essay Example In the past, males were primarily responsible for hunting and then the females were supposed to cook and serve the food to the family. The setup was continuing to exist in various forms and shapes over several eras. In the modern world, females are still managing the homes while their male fellows work in different fields of life (Gupta, et al. 2003). The abovementioned scenario is very much true for the developing parts of the world because these areas have failed to incorporate human rights and values into the very fabric of the society. The outdated philosophy of man being a hunter is followed by the masses that are living in the less developed countries of the world. Additionally, it should be kept in mind that the economic pressures that were caused to prevail in developed nations due to Second World War and the Great Depression have played a significant role in the induction of female as a worker. Initially, the woman was considered ideal for subordination and followership. But , with the passage of time, females emerged as ideal leaders (Alston 2005). The scholars are of the view that being a man and woman is just a biological difference and it does not affect the ability of an individual. The propagation of gender equality has impressed the global and international companies to consider gender as a secondary issue and their main focus remains on the core competencies of the candidate. The particular candidate who has the proper experience, personality type and behaviors that are required to do the job then, the management selects him or her without giving a thought to the gender (Brown 1979). Furthermore, the economic pressures and postwar destruction seriously compromised the labor supply at that time and therefore, the males had to transfer knowledge and information to them in order to make the new breed of workers more active and effective part of the workforce. The females are getting more and more prominent in all walks of life. Their ability to be an artist, leader and an employee is matched with that of males and in some cases it exceeded the expectations and anticipations of the supervisors as well. The economic world order is changing and because of this reason, international trade activities are experiencing a boom in all parts of the world. The developed communities are becoming knowledge-based societies and the emergent economies are taking up the role of industrialized centers of the world (Taylor 2005). The trend of outsourcing is growing and the history is repeating itself once more in the Indian society where cultural and societal norms are responding to accommodate new and different economic opportunities (Mehta, et al. 2006). As mentioned earlier that India is transforming into the production center of the world and therefore, it is facing grave labor deficiency presently. The companies are empowering females in order to compensate for the labor shortage. In this way, the female is becoming increasingly powerful i n the society where she was burned with the dead body of the husband. Based on the above discussion, economic needs are far stronger and influencing than cultural norms and values. The human civilization has a tendency to change its norms and values in order to experience economic growth. The Indian nation is doing the same and the nation’

Network Architectures and Operating System implications within Well Essay

Network Architectures and Operating System implications within Well People NHS Trust - Essay Example Computers are dominant tools that assist users to store and carry out functions on huge amounts of data swiftly. Networks are basically a collection of computers linked by cable or other media as a result they can contribute to information and resources with each other (Nash, 2000). This research presents the analysis of the network architectures and operating system implications within Well People NHS Trust. This research presents a detailed analysis of the implementation of the network technology for the establishment of the communication and data transfer facility among distant WP hospitals and division of the Well People NHS Trust (WP). The implementation of new technology in this era has completely transformed the way of communication and information handling. At the present time, we have better ways of business handling and management. This research is about the incorporation of the network, state-of-the-art communication and communication technology into the health and public welfare sector. This report will streamline the implementation of the databases, communication, network and computer based management technology for the Well People NHS Trust. This project is initiated by the Well People NHS Trust (WP) that runs the business of the supplying of healthcare to a large population who live in a geographical area of some 60 square miles. The Well People NHS Trust is basically the main provider of the health care facilities in the area. The Well People NHS Trust has responsibility of two hospitals and twelve doctors’ surgeries. Each surgery is staffed by several GP’s together with other healthcare specialists. Well People NHS Trust has initiated this project for the establishment of the better facilities of the healthcare and treatment of people in the area. This project is aimed at providing a collaborative working environment to the public health. This will also help for the

Alternative Tourism And Ecotourism

Alternative Tourism And Ecotourism The critical climatic conditions and the disappearance of endangered species in the worlds ecosystems is the concern of all, and affect our everyday lives, businesses and industries. The tourism industry is not spared, having adversely and greatly contributed to the destruction of micro-ecosystems and biodiversities over decades through Mass Tourism. Nonetheless, governments, tourism-planners and international organisations are now investing into alternative forms of tourism in order to counter the still ongoing damages of Mass Tourism. The goal is to consume differently and to sensitise tourists about sustainable practices, not only during their holidays, but to implement it in their very thinking and everyday life. This paper combines the material of four different papers, based on Alternative Tourism and Ecotourism respectively. They describe the principles of each and the features required for its successful fulfillment. Introduction Lifestyles and consumer behaviour have been known to evolve and adapt to changes in global needs and the availability of resources in the world all throughout history. As such, it is not surprising that the increase in awareness, concerning the precarious environmental, social and economic situation of todays world, is leading to new trends and behaviour in the way people live and consume. Likewise, the tourism industry has been undergoing a similar transformation since at least the past two decades with the advent of Alternative Tourism. This form of tourism has been introduced since the early nineties and has began to grow in magnitude as from the 1980s. It is considered as a sustainable alternative to counter the adverse effects and low-level authentic experiences provided by the so-called Mass Tourism. The latter has boomed dramatically with the technological advance of transport facilities (air, sea and land) and the open-sky agreements between countries worldwide, amongst various other factors. Inspite of the huge, fast economic gains of Mass Tourism, it has been found to be severely disastrous on the environment and the socio-cultural aspects of host countries and communities, respectively. In contrast, Alternative Tourism has responded in retaliation into the clean or sustainable form of tourism, which takes into account, the impacts of tourism on nature, society (for both the host community and travelers), culture and economy. Here, locals are also directly involved in the making of the tourism product and are often the financial beneficiaries. The umbrella of Alternative tourism covers a vast range of tourist activities such as rural, adventure, cultural and historical, heritage, sports (such as hiking, mountaineering, caving, diving, and so on), ecotourism and any other forms of tourism that is not Mass Tourism, as long as it does not impact adversely on the host country. Ecotourism has emerged since the 1960s and is popular amongst nature and culture lovers. It fits perfectly the concept of Alternative tourism and is considered as the fastest-growing form of sustainable tourism, according to the UNWTO (2003). Hetzer (1965) described the characteristics of ecotourism as: minimizing environmental impacts, respecting host cultures, maximizing benefits to local people and maximizing tourist satisfaction. Literature Review Alternative Tourism is a process which promotes a just form of travel between members of different communities. It seeks to achieve mutual understanding, solidarity and equality amongst participants. (Holden, 1984, p.15: cited in Smith Eadington, 1992. P.18) McIntyre (1993, p.11) defines Sustainable Tourism as a model form of economic development that is designed to improve the quality of life of the host community, and provide a high quality of experience for the visitor. Moreover, to maintain the quality of the environment on which both the host community and the visitor depend. He also states that it seeks decision-making among all segments of the society, including local populations, so that tourism and other resource users can coexist. Firstly, Alternative Tourism does not damage the environment, is ecologically sound, and avoids the negative impacts of many large-scale tourism developments undertaken in areas which have not previously been developed. Secondly, it is thought to consist of smaller scale developments, or attractions for tourists which are set in villages or communities and organised by them. These are seen as having fewer negative effects social or cultural and a better chance of being acceptable to the local people than mass tourism. Thirdly, there is the question of who benefits. Certain kinds of tourism are called alternative because they are not exploitative of the local people, because the benefits flow to local residents, or in general to poorer communities. Also known as Soft Tourism, Sustainable tourism denotes a mutual understanding between the local population and their guests, which does not endanger the cultural identity of the host region and which endeavours to take care of the environment as best as possible. Soft tourists give priority to using infrastructures destined for the local population, use the same accommodation and transport facilities as the natives and do not accept substantial tourist facilities harmful to the environment (Smith Eadington, 1992). Further, as they want to get more information before and during their holiday, it may actively try to encourage a respect for the cultural realities encountered by the tourists through education and organized encounters (de Kadt, 1990). Alternative Tourism, also brings about constraints. For a variety of reasons, alternative tourism in developing countries has been much more limited and less successful than Mass Tourism. The alternative projects in the Third World are frequently handicapped by the cost of international travel in the first place and poor local connections within destinations in the second. Language barrier, differences in culture and standards of living between hosts and guests tend to hinder communication and understanding (Smith Eadington, 1992). Some of the implications of alternative tourism need to be examined more closely. These include the reduction in numbers of tourists, the change in type of tourist, the education of all parties involved, and the impacts resulting from a new set of activities. Reducing numbers of tourists has two aspects, reducing numbers in areas where numbers are currently too great, and limiting potential visitors to levels compatible with capacity parameters. It is extremely difficult to reduce numbers in a free market situation without prejudicing the viability of the industry. Revenues can be expected to decline (unless massive market replacement occurs at the same time), which can result in loss of employment and reduction in local standard of living (Butler, 1990). Also, soft tourists may not only represent a not large enough market, but may also not be a repeat market. While mass tourists are for the most part sedentary and spend their money in a limited number of locations, much of the expenditure of the alternative tourists may be pre-spent on packages or spent in small amounts in a wide variety of locations (Butler, 1990). Furthermore, educating people is an alternative that is hard for Butler (1990) to reject, but it is a mammoth and long term project. He states that most people would probably accept the wisdom of the concept of sustainable development and developing suitable and low-impacting forms of tourism, but short-term reality dictates that the window of opportunity is often limited and time-scales of most entrepreneurs are short. Those of a tourist spending a week on a beach are even shorter. It is not realistic, even if naively optimistic, to expect a tourist wishing to lie on a beach in the Caribbean to be too interested in the impact he or she may have on the social fabric of the island visited, especially when they may not wish to associate with local residents or move out of the hotel complex. However, Alternative Tourism help cleaning physical surroundings, protecting environments and often the distinctive cultural patterns of local communities. It can be a significant factor in conserving the environment. Moreover, it also helps to conserve an areas cultural heritage. Archaeological and historical places, distinctive architectural styles, local dance, music, drama, ceremonies, arts and crafts, dress, customs and value systems all comprise the culture of an area (McIntyre, 1993). He emphasises on the fact that Alternative Tourism raises awareness concerning the impacts of tourism on the natural, cultural, and human environments. It ensures a fair distribution of benefits and costs. It incorporates planning and zoning which ensure tourism development appropriate to the carrying capacity of the ecosystem. It monitors, assesses and manages the impacts of tourism, develops reliable methods of environmental accountability, and counters any negative effect. Furthermore, nature tourism encourages productive use of lands which are marginal for agriculture, enabling large tracts to remain covered in natural vegetation. Cultural tourism enhances local community esteem and provides the opportunity for greater understanding and communication among peoples of diverse backgrounds. Environmentally sustainable tourism demonstrates the importance of natural and cultural resources to a communitys economic and social well being and can help to preserve them. As opposed to Mass Tourism development, which is predominated by multinationals and tends to be unplanned and uncontrolled, taking up the most scenic regions and altering them beyond repair, Alternative Tourism requires extensive initial planning with greater reliance on local labour, and local sources of capital in line with locally promulgated regulations. Tourism assumes a complementary industrial role emphasizing the importance to continuing traditional lifestyle patterns. Existing resources (e.g., buildings) are used and renovated when necessary rather than relying on new construction. Features of Alternative Tourism Also known as Sustainable Tourism, Alternative Tourism adheres to the triple bottom-line of sustainability, that is to develop and progress without depleting environmental, socio-cultural and economic resources for future generations. In other words, these resources must be used, preserved and managed in such a way as to move forward, while keeping in mind the Native American proverb: we do not inherit the world from our ancestors, we are borrowing it from our children. Tourism can be environmentally feasible, as opposed to the pre-conceived idea exhibited by Mass Tourism during the past decades. It is not all about deforestation, land and water pollution or chains of gigantic resorts all over the place. Sea, Sun and Sand Tourism, a major form of Mass Tourism, has caused its own death by saturating the most popular and splendid coastal spots with hotel resorts, hence permanently disfiguring these locations physically, depleting and polluting its resources and attributes respectively. This has led to an increase in awareness amongst host communities and potential tourists alike, and hence emerged forms of tourism that aimed at enjoying a destination while minimizing alterations to nature and monitoring the impacts of visits at the same time. First of all, environmentally sustainable tourism businesses would take into account the characteristics of a location at the Planning Stage of a project. This is usually part of the EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment). The fauna and flora would be meticulously studied and limited changes (or none at all) would be permitted, so that micro-ecosystems would be able to survive and cohabit along with the implementation of the project. This way, endangered species (both plants and animals) would still retain their habitat and the environment would be altered in the smallest possible way. Furthermore, the project should not be physically alienating to its surroundings, that is, it should be able to blend in and not be an eyesore. For instance, a state of the art hotel in a remote, under-developed village would be totally inappropriate, even if it respected environmental norms. In the same breath, operating sustainable tourism commerce implies minimizing damages done to the environment through energy and waste management. As far as possible, sustainable forms of energy must be used, and energy-consumption must remain reasonable. Waste water management is a must, and recycling must be practised as far as possible, for ethical disposal of both solid and liquid waste. However, not all businesses are able to afford the above measures, especially, since the number of green-tourists is usually quite limited. This is where the concept of Carrying Capacity comes into effect. The physical carrying capacity of a destination or site, is the maximum number of visitors that it can contain at a particular time. In order to avoid permanent environmental changes and abuse, the number of visitors and the duration of their stay must be under strict control. This is also known as the limits of acceptable change and does not require much financial investment to be accomplished. In addition, Mass Tourism brought along westernisation, the alienation of ethnic and local cultures and commodification throughout the years. Their consequences can be seen today, especially amongst the younger generations in destinations that have suffered Mass Tourism for several generations. The youth have often copied the beliefs and lifestyles so as to resemble those of foreigners, deeming western culture to be superior, and thus resulting in the loss of local cultural heritage and long-standing ancestral traditions. This is due to the fact that cultural exchange between tourists and locals has not been equitable, even though it is usually not in the intention of visitors to have such an impact on local beliefs and traditions. In order to counter this, tourists need to be educated on how to interact, behave and limit the exposure of their cultural identity, with respect to that of the host community. Accordingly, commodification, which is the act of viewing local cultural, historical or religious identity merely as a tourism product, is yet another drawback of mass tourism. Places of worship or of sacred religious importance were being assaulted with camera flashes by hordes of tourists, who were not even aware of the appropriate dress codes and behaviour to be adopted on such sites. Thanks to sustainable tourism and the responsibility of tour operators towards the education of tourists, rules and guidelines have since then been forwarded so as to minimize the impact of loss of cultural identity. Indeed, it is now the tourist that adapts to the culture of locals during visits to sites of religious and cultural importance, thus resulting in a more authentic cultural exchange and experience. Thirdly, the most immediate aspect of Alternative Tourism in a destination is the economic gains to the local community. Despite the fact that large-scale tourism generates astronomical amounts to tourism-related businesses and organisations, the majority of locals do not benefit from these profits first-handedly. In some cases, such as in franchise businesses, most of the profit goes back to the source-organisation, with local employees being paid with low salaries and slim chance of career advancement. On a different level, the concept sustainability implies that one should make reasonable use of its available resources, in such a way as to progress, while benefiting to its environment and stakeholders. This largely goes against conventional tourism, whereby most of the resources required to make the tourism product happen comes from elsewhere, whether in terms of raw materials, expertise and partially labour. It is therefore natural that economic rewards go abroad as well. On the other side, Alternative Tourism encourages entrepreneurship in all forms, from hospitality, entertainment and craftsmanship of locals. They are often offered trainings, participate in empowerment programmes and sometimes even subsided by the state to put their projects into motion. Nevertheless, financial gains, which is not comparable to that of Mass Tourism goes directly to those local entrepreneurs and the money is usually spent within the country, hence improving income distribution, increasing standard of living and indirectly contributing to the national GDP. The Emergence of Ecotourism Being one of the most popular segments of Alternative Tourism, Ecotourism is reaching a peak and gaining educational, sustainable and economic importance within the tourism industry, being one of its fastest growing sectors (UNWTO, 2003), grossing over $335 billion a year. In todays world, it plays a crucial role in the conservation of nature, in educating tourists about sustainable environmental practices and in benefiting local people. Ecotourism products consist of attractions, tours and accommodation, where each component is marketed and sold separately, but may be combined into packages as well. It is a form of tourism that targets a wide range of tourists, who are willing to experience a get-away holiday from the stress and monotony of everyday life. Its influence lies in the fact that unlike other forms of tourism, it is diverse enough to attract tourists of different age groups, budgets, interests and occupations. However, ecotourism poses a threat to its own existence and operations. Since the tourism product is settled within the type of ecosystem or environment that it promotes, there needs to be careful planning and management. Else, its activities may harm, deplete or alter the fragile and pristine biodiversities that it relies on for sustenance. Limits of acceptable change regarding social, cultural and environmental must be closely monitored in order to minimize impacts. Ecotourism projects are usually of small-scale and low-impacting; waste output is minimized and recycled as far as possible, so as to cause the minimum intrusion and alterations to the surrounding ecosystem. Biodegradable products are favoured over chemical detergents or products toxic or unhealthy for the environment. Clean and renewable energy forms, such as solar or photovoltaic panels, are popular energy sources in the most sophisticated eco-lodges as well as the use of fossil fuels are avoided. Further, infrastructures are designed to be harmonious with the environment in which it is situated. The actors involved in creating the ecotourism product include businesses, scientists, government agencies, non-governmental organisations and local or native communities. The active participation of guests or tourists, is essential for the product to be complete. It is interesting how this tends to foster collaboration and better understanding between the different contributors to ecotourism, hence encouraging local entrepreneurship and strengthening local identity. Emphasis must be stressed upon the preparation and education of ecotourists, before, during and after their holiday trip. This implies that guides and tour operators play a major role in consolidating the ecotourism product. They are responsible to instruct tourists about acceptable behaviour during their stay or trips, sensitize them to be environmentally-friendly and raise their awareness towards the need for sustainability, not only during their holidays, but also in their thinking and everyday lives. Furthermore, their duties include instructing guests about the modes and limits of communication with respect to surrounding local or native culture. Ecotourism has the goal of improving and contributing to the well-being of these people, without altering their beliefs, culture or traditions, but promoting them while empowering their identity and pride. Additionally, ecotourism projects often help natives and local communities to rehabilitate endangered species or animals and plants alike, reinstate their natural habitat and raise-awareness about them. Ecotourists are educated about the importance and relevance of such projects, if not encouraged to actively participate themselves. The profit accumulated through ecotourism is usually re-injected into ecological projects and also to upheave the standard of living of locals and their everyday situation. In the case of culturally sensible communities, such as natives, this is expended differently, in terms of medication and the protection, as well as conservation of their lands and culture. Conclusion and Discussion Alternative Tourism and Ecotourism have both been operating in a moderately successful manner in Mauritius during the past decade and is continuously gaining in popularity, both among locals and tourists alike. Indigenous plants and species are being rehabilitated and their habitat sustained, although there have been some negligence on the part of some stakeholders. The Blue Bay Marine park had been flourishing in the beginning years, but the project is now undergoing a decline due to illegal fishing and the carrying capacity of human interactions exceeded through visits, snorkelling and deep-sea diving. It is however not too late to reverse the situation and additional efforts need to be input from all stakeholders. On the bright side, small surrounding islands such as lIle Plate and lIle aux Aigrettes have known successful rehabilitation of their micro-biodiversities and human intervention is being closely monitored by environmental organisations. Fortunately, Mauritius has the resources and potential to further promote Ecotourism and other forms of Alternative Tourism, such as hiking, outdoor tourism and mountaineering. Additional resources must be made available to qualified people and organisations to implement and diversify the Alternative Tourism projects possible on the island. Emphasis should be put on consistency and regular evaluation, to cater for weaknesses. The objectives of sustainability however do not limit themselves to tourism and the whole Mauritian community must be sensitised for better environmental-friendly attitudes, which requires advocacy, education and a change of behaviour, which is a long-term and never-ending process, to protect, save and respect what remains of our nature and resources.

Slavery in the United States Essay example -- Slavery Essays

Slavery in the United States In the history of the United States nothing has brought more shame to the face of America than the cold, premeditated method of keeping black people in captivity. People from England who migrated to America used many different methods to enslave black people and passed them down through the children. These methods were quite effective, so effective that these â€Å"slaves† were kept in captivity for over two hundred years in this country. It was the rain of terror that kept black people in fear of their lives for so long. The invention of the gun back in the fifth-teenth century was the main reason that these people were able to go to another continent and enslave so many people. These people from Africa were mistreated very badly right from the start both mentally and physically. They were packed very tightly on ships for months at a time chained to each other with no place to go to the bathroom, little water to drink, and hardly anything to eat. As the population constantly increased in the colonies during the 1600’s, so did the demand for slavery especially in the southern colonies where the big plantations were. These plantations were very lucrative since the owners had free manual labor and they could keep all the profit from the crops for themselves. They also had to justify what they were doing to themselves so what they did was tell themselves that these slaves were barbaric and not smart enough to be civilized. These slave owners also owned huge houses in the middle of their plantations and thought of themselves as noblemen. In acuality, it was the slaves who were living nobly while the Europeans were living barbaricly. The Europeans who owned slaves also thought that the sl... ...un power is what created slavery. Keeping the fear in the eyes of the slaves is what kept them working under such poor conditions everyday, while their friends and family could be sold away at any time or place. Learning English and being able to read and write is what educated these men and women. Once they were educated enough, they could secretly plan escape routes to the north and finally get some sympathy for their people which would eventually lead to the Civil War. This war was about right and wrong. There is a moral way to make money and then there is an immoral way to make a living. Slavery is the number one event in our country’s history that has disgraced and put shame to our culture. Even though not everyone owned slaves, one bad apple spoils the bunch. Hopefully people will learn from history, and immoral actions or events like slavery will not take place again.