Essay on Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases HIV

Epidemiology Communicable Diseases HIV or the Human Deficiency virus is like other viruses including the flu, but the one thing that makes this virus so different than any other is that the body is unable to clear this one out completely. Once someone is infected, there is no cure. Over time, HIV can also hide or mask itself in the bodys cells. The cells within a persons body that fight off infection are called CD4 cells or T cells. HIV attacks these cells and copies or replicates itself inside these cells, then destroys them. HIV over time will destroy so many of these cells that the body is unable to fight off infection anymore. When this starts happening, AIDS or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome happens which is the final stage†¦show more content†¦Specific skin cancers including Kaposis Sarcoma and lymphomas also happen in patients who are HIV positive† (Mayo Clinic, 2013). Antivirals are the treatment for HIV and presently there is no known cure. Treatment most often involves combinations of different drugs to avoid creating strains of the virus that are immune to single drug treatments (Mayo Clinic, 2013). The number of CD4 or T cells monitors treatment response. The viral load should be undetectable while undergoing antiviral therapy. The count is checked when treatment starts and usually monitored every 3-6 months. Even if someone has an undetectable viral load, the spreading of HIV is still a possibility. According to estimates and numbers provided by the CDC, about one and a half million people 13 years of age and younger is HIV positive. Demographics also show that almost 20% of people who are infected do not know they have the virus. The CDC estimates that now every year, there are about 50,000 new cases diagnosed (2013). At risk groups include gay men, bisexual people, and African Americans (CDC, 2013). Young African American males are at greatest risk for contracting HIV among various ethnicities and races (CDC, 2013). An individuals risk for HIV or social determinants of health related to HIV is income, education, geographic region, poverty, gender orientation, early childhood experiences, and alcohol or substance abuse. The CDCShow MoreRelatedThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1529 Words   |  7 PagesJose Grand Canyon University: HIV Known as a Communicable Disease A communicable disease is known an illness that results from an infectious agent that occurs through transmission either indirectly or directly, from an infected individual. The human immunodeficiency virus is considered a communicable disease, and will be explored further in relation to the concepts of epidemiology and the role of the community health nurse. 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Robber Barons (1228 words) Essay Example For Students

Robber Barons (1228 words) Essay Robber BaronsThen and Now Robber Barons, a term used in the late 1800s and early 1900sto describe a businessman who made an enormous amount of money, today we wouldcall them billionaires. It was not really the fact they made an extreme amountof wealth, it was more the way they made it. In all the cases the acquiring ofwealth was done in what was considered a ruthless manor and unscrupulous ways. Arobber baron was more interested in acquiring wealth than the safety of hisemployees, the amount of work hours performed in a week, or the amount of wagebeing paid for a days work. For example Andrew Carnegie(the robber baron of thesteel industry), he was instrumental in starting the 72 hour work week, payingout less than fair wages and having dangerous working conditions. The robberbarons were known for their business tactics that would enable them to amass awealth by monopolies. They would corner the market on a product or service andmake it almost impossible to get, accept through them. O ne such person was JamesB. Duke (robber baron of the tobacco market).James Duke started marketingtobacco from his fathers tobacco farm at an early age. He developed a market fortobacco though advertising. When the market he developed, started growing hestarted buying up other tobacco companies in order to be the only supplier ofthe product. James Duke eventually formed The Great American Tobacco Co. whichbecame the biggest supplier of cigarettes in the world. One thing the RobberBarons of today and yesterday have in common is monopolies. If it at allpossible, the Robber Baron or billionaires as we call them today, would try tocorner the entire market on their product or service, making it difficult forcompetition in their particular industry. James Duke did it by making a marketfor cigarettes and cigars and buying up his competition so he was the biggestcompany to supply the product. Andrew Carnegie cornered the market on the steelindustry and made the first high rise building. He w as the only business in hisfield therefore he could set his prices and up his profits. Other Robber Baronsin various markets were William Vanderbilt, he monopolized the railroad businessallowing him to set his own prices for freight and passage. John D. Rockefellermonopolized the oil industry with Standard Oil company. Today ATT, thephone company, before deregulation controlled the vast majority of the phoneservices, thereby monopolizing the phone services. American Airlines, thereunscrupulous business tactics would drive out competitors from areas they wishedto control by having price wars until the opposition could no longer compete andwould have to close their doors for business. But the biggest and wealthiest ofthem all, Bill Gates owner of Microsoft Corporation created an operating systemfor computers to work with and the market to sell that system. Before Bill Gatescame along computers were only an informational source. What ever was programedinto them was retrievable but you could not add information to them. Basicallythey were just a big file cabinet. Bill Gates made it to where you can talk tothe computer and add information to them. This made them more user friendly anda very usable tool for personal and business use. But just like the RobberBarons of yesterday Gates cornered the market for his software by orchestratinga marketing plan that would require computer companies to pay him X amount ofdollars for every computer they sold, whether or not the computer had hissoftware on it or not. Now if you think about it, the computer companies had nochoice but to put his software on the computers they sold. Kind of sounds like amonopoly to me. Philanthropy The other side to the Robber Baron coin. For someunknown reason the Robber Barons felt it necessary to give back enormous amountsof their wealth to the society they took if from, or maybe a better way to putit is earned it from? It was done in a manner that for the most partimmortalized the giver. For in stance James Duke or the Duke Endowment gave moneyto several Universities. This in turn eventually got his name on one, DukeUniversity in Washington, DC. Duke also gave money to hospitals, childcareinstitutions for blacks and whites and the Methodist church. Andrew Carnegiefelt so strongly about philanthropy that he was inspired to write the landmarkessay The Gospel of Wealth. Some would say Carnegie was only out forself glorification because he would build and finance libraries but neglect tosupply them with the much needed books. Carnegie was quoted as saying, Theman who dies thus rich dies disgraced. Before it was all said and donethrough Carnegies philanthropist donations, he would give away nearly 350million dollars or close to 90% of his lifelong acquired wealth. Othersconsidered philanthropist were, J.P. Morgan, he gave away a vast amount of hiswealth to various institutions. Henry C. Frick, Andrew Carnegies right hand manrunner of his companies. A millionaire by his own righ ts also a philanthropistwho gave a lot of his money back to society. Perhaps one of the most well knownmodern day philanthropist would be George Soros. Soros is accredited for givingaway 1 billion dollars over a matter of days back in 1992. Soros made hisfortune by investing, but not merely investing in the market as we know it butinvesting in entire countries and their misfortunate collapse of theireconomies. Soros made this billion dollars by currency speculation, bettingcorrectly on the collapse of the British pound. Soros devoted most of his moneyback to Eastern Europe, where he has set up foundations in 25 separatecountries. Now if we were to take a look at Bill Gates who has been accreditedas being the richest man in the world today, we would not see a lot of givingback to the community. Gates has had some bouts of giving but considering hiswealth one might say it is trivial. And if you were to take a look at thereasoning behind his giving it would show up as still being to hi s favor. Suchas giving a small amount of computers to the schools so as to allow the studentsaccess to the internet through his own proxy server, thereby realizing a profit. .u0424d0c932d4e1c74bea740c6850a884 , .u0424d0c932d4e1c74bea740c6850a884 .postImageUrl , .u0424d0c932d4e1c74bea740c6850a884 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0424d0c932d4e1c74bea740c6850a884 , .u0424d0c932d4e1c74bea740c6850a884:hover , .u0424d0c932d4e1c74bea740c6850a884:visited , .u0424d0c932d4e1c74bea740c6850a884:active { border:0!important; } .u0424d0c932d4e1c74bea740c6850a884 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0424d0c932d4e1c74bea740c6850a884 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0424d0c932d4e1c74bea740c6850a884:active , .u0424d0c932d4e1c74bea740c6850a884:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0424d0c932d4e1c74bea740c6850a884 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0424d0c932d4e1c74bea740c6850a884 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0424d0c932d4e1c74bea740c6850a884 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0424d0c932d4e1c74bea740c6850a884 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0424d0c932d4e1c74bea740c6850a884:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0424d0c932d4e1c74bea740c6850a884 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0424d0c932d4e1c74bea740c6850a884 .u0424d0c932d4e1c74bea740c6850a884-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0424d0c932d4e1c74bea740c6850a884:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Buddhism Essay Conclusion It would seem that most of the Robber Barons of yesterday and todaymade their money by unscrupulous tactics, or monopolies. These monopolies werecreated by the Robber Barons themselves and by what ever means possible theymade every effort to keep their strong hold in their business as long aspossible. Now there is a downside to this although they were over bearing intheir business tactics, stepping on who ever they had to make a profit thereseem to be a certain amount of guilt involved. For unknown reasons they felt itnecessary to give back a large amount of that profit to better society. Perhapsthis could be looked at as more of them feeling like they could be in control ofman kinds destiny, or by giving something back the guilt would be lifted forbeing so ruthless in the business world. And as far as Bill Gates goes perhapsone day he will wake up and realize enough is enough and be more of aphilanthropist himself. Bibliographyhttp://www.biography.com/cgi-bin/biomain.cgiJames B. Duke http://www.duke.edu/web/Archives/history/jbduke.html AndrewCarnegie http://www.worth.com/articles/M9611F04.html Andrew Carnegie http://www.worth.com/articles/Z9611C01.htmlFighting Modern Day Robber Barons http://www.amcity.com/denver/stories/1997/01/27/editorial3.htmlForward Thinking http://www.worth.com/articles/Z9611R.html Return of the RobberBarons http://worldpolicy.org/americas/usa/fasttrack.html Bill Gates, RobberBaron http://www.businessweek.com/1998/03/b3561030.htm Robber Baronshttp://econ161.berkeley.edu/Econ_Articles/carnegie/DeLong_Moscow_paper2.html

The Plot Ratatouille Movie free essay sample

The movie begins with the scene about the French youngest chief ever to have a 5-star restaurant, Auguste Gusteau. He is the author of the best-selling book â€Å"Anyone Can Cook† and is loved by everyone, except for Anton Ego – a food critic, who does not support Gusteau’s motto. Then comes the story of Remy, a curious and idealistic rat, living in the attic of a French house with his clan. Remy is gifted with excellent sense of smell and he has a dream of becoming a chief, after reading Gusteau’s book and being inspired by him. Unlike his clan who use Remy’s talent to detect rat poison in food, Remy disapproves of garbage and has interest in humans and their kitchen (where the food is clean). Once looking for an ingredient in the kitchen, through the television Remy finds that his idol Gusteau died dues to Anton Ego’s harsh comments. We will write a custom essay sample on The Plot Ratatouille Movie or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then the old woman – house’s owner discovers Remy and his colony, he is separated from them and floats to Paris on Gusteau’s cookbook. Desperately tired, Remy sees and talk to the chef’s image, taking his advice to look outside. As Remy watches from the kitchen skylight of Gusteau’s restaurant, Alfredo Linguini, a young man with no culinary talent, is hired to do trivial duties. Linguini carelessly spills a pot of soup and tries to cover up by adding random ingredients. Horrified by Linguini’s actions, Remy falls into the kitchen and though trying to escape in vain, he cannot help attempting to fix the soup. Remy is captured by Linguini and the boy himself is caught by the strict chief Skinner. As they are arguing in the kitchen, the soup is served; however, to everybody’s surprise, it turns out to be a success. Colette, the sole woman cook in the kitchen convinces Skinner not to fire Linguini provided that he can cook that soup again. Finding a rat in the kitchen, Skinner orders Linguini to kill him. Interestingly, the boy talks to the rat before shrinking him but then decide to let him be alive. Remy secretly directs Linguini to cook after the two find a way to communicate. Skinner discovers that Linguini is Gusteau’s son, which he hides to prevent Linguini from inheriting the restaurant. Remy learns about the truth and telling Linguini, Skinner is removed. As the restaurant continues to success, Linguini and Colette develop their love, leaving Remy feeling abandoned. One night Remy and his colony are reunited. Remy argues with Emile and his father over his new career as a secret chef and refuses to stay with the clan. Returning to the restaurant, Linguini and Remy have a falling out, Linguini deciding he no longer needs Remy. Things come to a peak when Ego, food critic whose harsh review about the restaurant before, decides to check it out again. Without the rat’s help, Linguini is obviously unable to cook and he has to tell the truth, bringing his staff down and they all walk out. Colette later returns after thinking about Gusteau’s motto â€Å"Anyone Can Cook†. Inspired by his courage, Remy’s father comes back with the entire rat colony to cook under Remy’s direction. Linguini also finds his true talent, waits tables on roller skates. Colette helps Remy prepare ratatouille, a dish so good that leads Ego to relive his childhood memories when his mother serves him the dish as comfort food. Ego asks to meet the chef, and after all customers have left, Remy and the rats are revealed. Ego changes his mind, writing a glowing review to praise Gusteau’s chief, declaring that he is nothing less than the finest chef in France. Despite Ego’s approval, the Gusteau’s is closed by a health inspector who finds the rat after Skinner’s report. Ego loses his credibility and job when the public discovers he has praised a rat-infested restaurant. Everything is for the best, however. Ego funds a new bistro run by Linguini, Colette and Remy which includes and dining area for both rats and humans and a kitchen for Remy to continue cooking. The film ends showing a long queue outside the restaurant and a sign displaying a rat with a blanche toque, holding a spoon and the name â€Å"La Ratatouille† under it. 2. General information Ratatouille  is the eighth movie of Pixar Animation Studios produced in 2007 and is distributed by  Walt Disney Pictures. It is co-written and directed by  Brad Bird, who took over from  Jan Pinkava  in 2005. The title refers to a French dish (ratatouille) which is served in the film, and is also a play on words about the species of the main character. To create the food animations used in the film, the crew consulted chefs from both France and the United States. Bird also interned at  Thomas KellersFrench Laundry  restaurant, where Keller developed the  confit byaldi, a dish used in the film. Ratatouille  premiered on June 22, 2007 at the  Kodak Theatre  in Los Angeles, California, and had its general release on June 29, 2007 in the United States. The film grossed $623. 7 million at the box office and received critical acclaim. The film later won the  Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, among other honors.

Free Essays on Homosexuality

Is Homosexuality A Mental Disorder? No. All major professional mental health organizations have gone on record to affirm that Homosexuality is not a mental disorder. In 1973 the American Psychiatric Association’s Board of Trustees removed homosexuality from its official diagnostic manual, The Diagnostic And Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Second Edition (DSM II). The action was taken following a review of the scientific literature and consultation with experts in the field. The experts found that homosexuality does not meet the criteria to be considered a mental illness. What causes Homosexuality/Heterosexuality/Bisexuality? No one knows what causes heterosexuality, homosexuality, or bisexuality. Homosexuality was once thought to be the result of troubled family dynamics or faulty psychological development. Those assumptions are now understood to have been based on misinformation and prejudice. Currently there is a renewed interest in searching for biological etiologies for homosexuality. However, to date there are no replicated scientific studies supporting any specific biological etiology for homosexuality. Similarly, no specific psychosocial or family dynamic cause for homosexuality has been identified, including histories of childhood sexual abuse. Sexual abuse does not appear to be more prevalent in children who grow up to identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual, than in children who identify as heterosexual. Is It Possible To Change One’s Sexual Orientation (â€Å"Reparative Therapy†)? There is no published scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of â€Å"reparative therapy† as a treatment to change one’s sexual orientation, nor is it included in the APA’s Task Force Report, Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders. More importantly, altering sexual orientation is not an appropriate goal of psychiatric treatment. Some may seek conversion to heterosexuality because of the difficulties that they encounter ... Free Essays on Homosexuality Free Essays on Homosexuality Homosexuality has been a source of constant conflict among many organizations of today’s society. Perhaps the most prominent disputes of this issue exist within the disagreement of same sex relationships from the views of society, homosexuals, the Christian church, and scientist’s biological theories. Society’s view is that homosexuals influence others; therefore, it is a chosen lifestyle. Most homosexuals believe they were born with a homosexual gene and they did not choose this lifestyle for themselves. The Christian church teaches that â€Å"homosexuality† is not God’s design for people, but believes there are ways of changing. Several scientific theories show no observations of a homosexual gene, but believe there could be certain happenings in one’s life that could change one’s sex subconsciously. Though society is a vast majority, this does not assure that its beliefs are right. In any event, society does play a major role in a homosexual's life. The view is that homosexuality is something that one does and is a chosen â€Å"lifestyle,† which can be influenced by others. People say that it is not inherited but caused by poor parenting skills. If a child is unable to form a loving relationship with the parent of the same gender, the child would take this incompleteness into adulthood, where he would seek love from another adult of the same gender. The result would then be homosexual activity (Tatchell 1). Society also believes that a person chooses his sexual lifestyle after puberty. They say when peer pressure comes into play in a teen’s high school years; individuals begin to experiment with homosexual behavior and eventually become addicted to it, thus, making it more and more natural for that individual. Natural is what homosexuality is NOT in society’s eye. Many people think homosexuality is some sort of disease that you cannot cure, and they stay clear of homosexuals for the fear of turning gay themselv... Free Essays on Homosexuality The simple explanation of homosexuality has baffled scientists, theologians, philosophers and the general public for hundreds of years. In many cultures homosexuality is looked upon as a sin or an unforgivable crime against morality, however, there are a few scattered cultures throughout the world in which homosexuality is favored or even encouraged. According to our social norm a man should be attracted to a woman and a woman should be attracted to a man, deviation from this norm creates an entirely new group of â€Å"sexual deviants† (Rollyson,23). For many decades, primarily at the beginning of this century these sexual deviants were thought of by doctors and psychologists as mentally ill individuals and were treated as such. Some underwent painful procedures to â€Å"straighten out† their brain function, others found themselves locked up in institutions heavily medicated and labeled a danger to society, still others endured a battle far worse than any treatment a doctor could prescribe the emotional torture of coming to terms with who they really were and then having to keep it locked up for fear of being found out. There are many opposing viewpoints dealing with the nature vs. nurture debate regarding homosexuality. Some ask if it comes from a variation in our genes or our physiology, from details of our personal histories, or a union of these. Is homosexuality a choice or compulsion? Can it be controlled? Truly, there is no one solid solution these questions and it has become very clear that no one single study or bit of information can clearly explain the mystery surrounding homosexuals and their feelings. Since homosexuality is now seen as â€Å"life left-handedness† many studies and debates have taken place in order to better explain this social anomaly. There is strong evidence on both sides of the debate however, due to the conservative nature of our culture the argument that homosexuality is unnatural and is very much b... Free Essays on Homosexuality Homosexuality By: Desiree Shone What exactly is a homosexual? It is a person sexually attracted to a person of their own sex. Why do people become homosexuals? This is a question that has been asked ever since the first homosexual person "came out of the closet." People do not choose to become homosexuals. There has never been a proven theory of why people become homosexuals. There are three theories that try to explain why people become homosexuals, they are: the Biological theory, Psychiatric theory, and the Sociological theory.(Thio, 211) The Biological theory is broken down into three different parts. The first one is the hormone theory which states that homosexual men have a low level of male sex hormones and a homosexual female have a low level of female sex hormones.(IBID, 211) the second one is the genetic theory. The genetic theory states that people are born gay and society only helps their homosexuality advance. Researchers announced that there is even a "gay gene".(Nardo, 66) The last Biological theory is the brain theory. The brain theory states that a person who has a smaller brain is most likely going to be gay.(Thio, 211) The Psychiatric theory has evolved through many different thoughts about what is homosexuality. At first, psychiatrists thought that it was a mental illness. After it was proven not to be an illness many assumed that homosexuals were going through sexual orientation disturbance. Psychiatrists helped gays to accept themselves as being homosexuals. Another psychiatric theory was that homosexuals had a bad parent-son relationship when they were growing up.(IBID) The last theories are the Sociological theories. Sociological theories state that society affects a person's sexual preference. The biological predisposition says that some people are more likely to become gay when they are born than other people.(IBID, 212) The socializing process states that children will decide their sexuality from contact... Free Essays on Homosexuality Is Homosexuality A Mental Disorder? No. All major professional mental health organizations have gone on record to affirm that Homosexuality is not a mental disorder. In 1973 the American Psychiatric Association’s Board of Trustees removed homosexuality from its official diagnostic manual, The Diagnostic And Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Second Edition (DSM II). The action was taken following a review of the scientific literature and consultation with experts in the field. The experts found that homosexuality does not meet the criteria to be considered a mental illness. What causes Homosexuality/Heterosexuality/Bisexuality? No one knows what causes heterosexuality, homosexuality, or bisexuality. Homosexuality was once thought to be the result of troubled family dynamics or faulty psychological development. Those assumptions are now understood to have been based on misinformation and prejudice. Currently there is a renewed interest in searching for biological etiologies for homosexuality. However, to date there are no replicated scientific studies supporting any specific biological etiology for homosexuality. Similarly, no specific psychosocial or family dynamic cause for homosexuality has been identified, including histories of childhood sexual abuse. Sexual abuse does not appear to be more prevalent in children who grow up to identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual, than in children who identify as heterosexual. Is It Possible To Change One’s Sexual Orientation (â€Å"Reparative Therapy†)? There is no published scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of â€Å"reparative therapy† as a treatment to change one’s sexual orientation, nor is it included in the APA’s Task Force Report, Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders. More importantly, altering sexual orientation is not an appropriate goal of psychiatric treatment. Some may seek conversion to heterosexuality because of the difficulties that they encounter ... Free Essays on Homosexuality Homosexuality within the Church: An Issue of Religious Liberty The Argument If one were to ask your stance on homosexuality within the Christian church and your reasoning behind your views, how would you answer them? I find that most Christians I have talked with take a rather conservative, traditional view and base their beliefs upon a few key passages in the Bible - I Corinthians 6:9-10; Ephesians 5:3-5; Colossians 3:5-6; Jude 5-7 and about a dozen more. The basic problem with limiting your view to these various scriptures is that homosexuals who claim to be Christians use these same passages in defense. Many claim that these passages have been translated incorrectly from their original texts (Hebrew and Greek). An exhaustive study by Pastor Ken Coulter which has been published by Logos Ministries under the title Dispelling the Myth, attempts to prove that throughout the centuries the translations of the original texts have been incorrect. For example, I Corinthians 6:9 is translat ed in the New King James Version as follows: Do you not know that the unrighteous will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived. Neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor homosexuals, nor sodomites.... The Greek words malakos arsenokoitai are translated into the modern word homosexual in this particular translation. However, Coulter makes the statement that malakos has a double meaning. The first of which means "softness," the second describes a character flaw which he translates as meaning "weak willed" or "easily beguiled." Arsenokoitai has been translated several different ways. Coulter says that the true meaning is a mystery, but that it could mean a "male prostitute who takes an active role." He also claims that there were many other words in the Greek that the apostle Paul could have used to make his meaning clearer if he was referring to homosexuality. What Coulter doesn't say is that Paul's meaning was not lost on the audience...

Assessment of Patients Perceptions

Caring has been widely discussed in the health care professions, especially in nursing which is considered to be one of the caring professions (Boykin and Schoenhofer 2001). Watson (1985) describes caring as a moral ideal of nursing. According to Watson, caring preserves human dignity in cure dominated health care systems and becomes a standard by which cure is measured (Watson 1988c, p. 177). Research literature indicates that the assessment of quality of care from the patient’s perspective has been operationalised as patient satisfaction (Dufrene 2000). Nurse caring has been related to patient satisfaction in western literature (Wolf et al 2003; Wolf et al 1998; Forbes and Brown 1995; Boyle et al 1989). There are so many factors that influence patients’ perceptions of care given by the opposite sex. Some of these are: Age, ethnicity, gender, socio-economic and health status. The most consistent finding has been related to age. Older patients tend to be more satisfied with their health care. Studies that have looked at ethnicity have generally held that being a member of a minority group is associated with lower rates of satisfaction. Studies on the effect of gender show that women tend to be less satisfied and other studies show the opposite. Most studies have found that individuals of lower socio-economic status and less education tend to be less satisfied with their health care. Other studies have shown that poorer satisfaction with care is associated with experiencing worry, depression, fear or hopelessness, as is having a psychiatric diagnosis such as schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder or drug abuse. Health status can greatly influence satisfaction of an individual (Hall, 1990). It is important to examine the relationships of nurse caring to patient satisfaction in Cape Coast because of severe staff shortages, heavy workload, and low salaries in Cape Coast Hospitals. Nursing literature had long recognized importance of these perceptions as major factors militating against prompt and effective service delivery in the care environment. One of the critical roles and ethics of the nurse is to treat all patients irrespective of their gender, colour, creed, political inclination and religious affiliations. High quality nurse-client communication is the backbone of the art and science of nursing. It has a significant impact on patient well-being as well as the quality and outcome of nursing care, and is related to patients’ overall satisfaction with their care. The maintenance of high nurse patient communication also depends on the nurse and patient. The quality of care in a hospital has been shown to be influenced by several factors including: inadequate nursing staff, lack of regular water supply on wards, too much nursing documentation, too long waiting time, and lack of specialized nurses. In Ghana, there is crisis in nurse-client communication evidence from four sources. These are personal observation, anecdotes from client and their families, media reports, and official health reports. Although there is ample evidence to demonstrate that most nurses are females, one cannot discount the enormous services that male nurses provide irrespective of their gender. The ever increasing number of female nurses compared to male nurses in our wards, coupled with patient dissatisfaction toward treatment received has raised a lot of questions as to whether there is a perceived idea that male nurses offer better care or otherwise. With the introduction of Health Insurance a few years ago, more patients report to the hospital and are also consciously aware of their rights and responsibilities as patients and hence will demand for better service delivery from care givers. Recently, patient dissatisfaction has been on the ascendancy in several hospitals across Ghana including University of Cape Coast Hospital. This has raised a lot of concerns about the perceptions patients have regarding the care given by male nurses.

Essay on Womenand Film Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

On Womenand Film - Essay Example Boys Don’t Cry explores a number of themes including identity, empowerment, freedom, and courage. However, gender representation underpins all these themes. This paper will examine the representation of gender in Boys Don’t Cry, describing the key aspects of gender representation both in society and in the film. Representation of gender in the film adds force to the patriarchal norms held by the society. Discussions of the topic of gender in film owe their origins to conventional feminist film theorists who considered films as male-dominated and immensely guilty of gender stereotyping. In this examination of Boys Don’t Cry, the popular gender theory becomes highly applicable to determine the degree to which gender representation supports stereotypes. The Jacques Lacan and Sigmund Freud developed the psychoanalytical theory that profoundly influenced the early feminist film theory (Herz 51). However, the psychoanalytic theory had substantive problems such as its p hallic-centric basis. This led to the development of alternative discussion mechanisms such as the cultural studies mechanism. In this analysis of Boys Don’t Cry, I will utilize both approaches to cover the entire scope of gender representation. ... Male characters define women by their appearances; for instance, during the bar scene, Candace is the object of the male gaze owing to her attractiveness; then later, the facade changes to that of a mother. Lana, on the other hand, is the object of both Brandon and John’s voyeuristic or sexual gaze. This essentially means that men consider women as sex objects placed in the world for their pleasure. In contrast, men in the film are far too active to become the focus of a sexual gaze. According to Mulvey (37), this phenomenon is essential because of men’s fear to acknowledge homoerotic desires. In addition, it is only acceptable for a man to be represented as a spectacle if such representation unites with the narrative to place emphasis on the man’s active role in the storyline. This exemplifies the stereotype of gender roles where males are subjective beings and females are objective, the objects of males’ desires. Distinctively, the character of Brandon, nonetheless, appears to be at odds with this perception. This is because several scenes in Boys Don’t Cry focus primarily on Brandon’s sexual appearance. Notably, Brandon’s appearance becomes central to the narrative without the element of action. This warrants the question if a similar tactics would apply if Brandon were a male. If Brandon were, in reality, a male, this would raise questions of homoeroticism, but since he is perceived as a female, this suggestion becomes inapplicable. In addition, Brandon’s attention to detail as she creates her male persona echoes the contemporary views on image construction, in which the female body is highly industrialized – for instance, for a woman to attain femininity, she must

Why Nomadic People Developed Complex Civilization Essay

Why Nomadic People Developed Complex Civilization - Essay Example They would move to a place that they considered economically better than their current situation (Goldin et al 120). There were three categories of Nomadic people, hunters and gatherers, pastoral, and wandering Nomads. Hunters and gatherers nomads were communities moving from one location to another in search of wild meat, fruits, and vegetables. Pastoral nomads’ movement were influenced by the availability of water and pastures for their cattle, they were settling in places with good pasture for their animals, and when pastures and water were exhausted in these locations, they would move to another location with greener pasture and water. On account of their movement and interaction with various communities, modern day civilization was born that led to the development of different economic empires and rise of military structure. Another of factors made nomadic people settle, build and develop complex civilization. Firstly, the development of new methods agriculture as time passes by made nomads to settle in one place because there was a way to control drought through irrigating their land. Also, through improved irrigation system, pastoralist were able to store enough water for their animals and at the same time irrigate land reserved for pasture so that they do not run animal feeds.